Frank N. Egerton's Roots of Ecology
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Roots of Ecology |
Roots of Ecology: Antiquity to Haeckel (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2012) covers the development of information and perspectives relating to ecology before this material was collected into four formal sciences in the 1890s to early 1900s: plant ecology, animal ecology, marine ecology, and limnology. The book has 8 chapters which cover 47 topics and ends around 1900. This is a briefer, updated version of History of Ecological Sciences which has appeared quarterly in the Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America since January 2001 and continuing into the future. Maps developed for the book by Steven Pfaff are not in the book but are at this web site. Illustrations which were copied for the book by Don Lintner but not included in it are also at this web site. Maps: Ancient and Medieval Mediterranean Civilizations Europe Siberia and Alaska, Bering's Voyages Humboldt's Travels in Spanish America
Illustrations for all 47 topics are here, including the 52 which are in Roots of Ecology. Photographs by Don Lintner. 1.1. Egyptian song birds in an acacia tree Acacia Arabica: hoopoe Upupa epops (left), 2 Nubian shrikes Lanius nubicus (top), red-backed shrike (mid-right), Phoenicurus phoenicurus (low-right, under tree). Part of wall painting in tomb of Khnumhetep II at Beni Hassan. Bodenheimer 1960-72:I, 164, II, plate 14. Herodotos would not have seen this wall, but he did see Egyptian depictions of plants and animals. 2.1. (a) Aristotle. Louvre, Paris. (b) Theophrastos. Villa Albani. 3.1. Identifiable marine life. Mosaic at Poulonium, Italy; Greek or Greek inspired. Victoria and Albert Museum, London. Singer 1921a:frontispiece. 4.1. Animals in the Nile River. Pompeii mosaic, 1st century AD. National Museum of Naples. 5.1. Parthenion. Chrysanthemum parthenium. Dioscorides 1934:bk.3, ch.155, p.380. Line drawing after Codex Aniciae Iulianae, AD 512. This codex has some of the oldest datable biological illustrations, copied from earlier ones. 1976:plt.29. 6.1.Illustration for al-Jabir’s Kitab al-Hayawan. Lofgren 1946:plate 15. 7.1. Presumably, water flag Iris pseudacorus, I. germanica or I. florentina. Mashad manuscript of Dioscorides, 3d quarter of 1100s. 8.1. Frederick II on throne with falcon. Frederick II 1942:I, title page. 9.1. (a) Albertus Magnus. (b) Madonna lily Lilium candidum. Gart der Gesundheit 1785, fol. Clxxxxi. Locy 1925:93, 123. 10.1. (a) Otto Brunfels, (b) Jerome Bock, (c) Andreas Cesalpino. Greene 1983:I, 241, 306, II, 809. Courtesy, Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation, Carnegie Mellon University. 11. (a) Conrad Gessner, age 39, by Jos Murer. Gessner 1551-87:III, frontispiece. Locy 1925:145. (b) Pierre Belon. Coats 1969:facing 176 or Locy 1925:286. 12.1. Unused title page for Moffett 1634, with portraits of Gessner, Penny, Moffett, and Wotton. Lisney 1960:facing 6. 12.2. Girolamo Fracastoro. Wright 1930. 13.(a) Giambattista della Porta. Porta 1608. (b) Fabio Colonna. Greene 1983:II, 834. Courtesy, Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation. 14.1. Data on two vials of plants in water. Woodward 1699:200. 15.1. (a) Thomas Brown. Finch 1950. (b) William Petty. E.Strauss 1954:frontispiece. 16.1.(a) Hooke's microscope. (b) Top. Mucor. Bottom, Phragmidium mucronatum. Hooke 1665:facing 1, facing 125. 17.1.(a) Francesco Redi. Howard 1930:plt.14. (b) Marcello Malpighi. By Tabor. Locy 1908:59. (c) William Harvey. 18.1. (a) John Ray. Ray 1717:frontispiece. (b) Francis Willughby. Probably by Gerard Saest. Denham 1843. 19.1.(a) Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, age 54. Based on portrait by Yohannes Verkolje, 1686. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam. Nordenskiöld 1928:facing 19. (b) Rotifers. Leeuwenhoek 1702. 20.1.Figs. 1. Apple twig section, enlarged; 2. green mold; 3. pale bull-rush-like vegetation; 4. maggots; 5. flies. Bradley 1716a, b. 21.1. Réaumur: (a) in early career, engraved by Simonneaux; Locy 1925:264; (b) in later career, drawing of a bust by Le Moyne. Peattie 1936:facing 71. 22.1. Bald eagle stealing fish from osprey. Catesby 1729-47:I, plate 1. 23.1. Linnaeus in Lapland: steep mountains were imaginary, and Lapps only used sleds in winter. 1737a:frontispiece. 24.1. Table of the Relative Fecundity of Animals (first of 4 pages). Buffon 1780-85:VIII, 29. 25.1. William Bartram, 1808, by Charles Willson Peale. Independence National Historical Park, Philadelphia. 26.1. Northeast view of Selborne from Short Lythe. White 1789:frontispiece. 27.1. (a) Johann Georg Gmelin after returning from Siberia. Gradmann 1911:frontispiece. (b) Stephan Krasheninnikov as Professor at Academy of Sciences. Stejneger 1936:plt. 6. (c) Pierre Simon Pallas. about 1767. Engraved by Johann Conrad Kruger. Foster 1965:facing 16. Map: Bering’s two voyages in North Pacific and Bering Sea: see under Maps. 28.1. (a) Stephen Hales. (b) Jan Ingen-Housz. Locy 1925:398, 401. 29.1. (a) Joseph Pitton de Tournefort. (b) Henri-Louis Duhamel de Monceau. De Virville 1954:97. (c) Giovanni Targioni Tozzetti. Targioni Tozzenti 1952:frontispiece. (d) Felice Fontana. Fontana 1932:frontispiece. 30.1.(a) Maria Sibylla Merian with her art. By Georg Gsell, 1717. (b) Abraham Trembly, 1778. Baker 1952:frontispiece. (d) Charles de Geer. Locy 1925:268. 31.1.(a) William Derham. Lisney 1960: (b) Erasmus Darwin. (c) Thomas Robert Malthus, 1833, by John Linnell. Bonar 1924:frontispiece. Map 4. Humboldt and Bonpland’s explorations in Spanish America. Von Hagen 1945:164: see under Maps. 32.1. (a) Alexander von Humboldt: (a) in United States. (b) in Paris. Based on a self portrait. Bruhns1873:I, frontispiece (c) In later years. Bruhns 32.2. Tableau physique des Andes et pays voisins. Central part, Chimborazo and Cotopaxi, without 20 flanking columns of data divided between the two sides. Humboldt and Bonpland 1807:frontispiece. 33.1.(a) Alexander Wilson, by Rembrant Peale. American Philosophical Society. Allen 1951:553. (b) Thomas Say. By Charles Willson Peale. Howard 1930. 34.1.(a) Lamarck in 1821.Packard 1901:facing 180. (b) Georges Cuvier. Peattie 1936:facing 166. (c) Charles Lyell. Darwin 1903:II, facing 113. 35.1.Edward Forbes: (a) holding a plant, emphasizing his professorship of botany at Kings College, University of London. By. T. H. Maguire, 1849. Egerton 2003. (b) Philip Henry Gosse. 1855, by Maull & Plolyblank. 36.1.Map.5. British vegetation. Watson 1847-59:III, frontispiece. 36.2. Hewett C. Watson. By Margaret Sarah Carpenter. Egerton 2003:frontispiece. 37.1.(a) Rhea darwinii (Pterocnemia pennata). (b) Falkland fox Dusicyon australis. Darwin 1838-43:parts III, II. 38.1.(a). John James Audubon. Herrick 1917:I, frontispiece. (b) Dana. Jaffee 1958:7th (unnumbered) plate. (c) Louis Agassiz. Agassiz 1888:II, frontispiece. 39.1. Henry David Thoreau (a) in 1854 (b) in 1861. The Writings of (1899-1900), V, frontispiece, X, frontispiece. 40.1 Darwin (a) in 1839. Irvine 1955:facing 50. (b) in 1849. (c) in old age. Darwin Life and Letters. 41.1.(a) Wallace, age 24, in 1848. Wallace 1905:I, facing 264 (b) Bates after return to England. Beddall 1969: 42. (a). Hooker, age 32 in 1849. Huxley 1918:I, 340. (b) Huxley in 1857. Huxley 1900:I, facing 149. (c) Wallace in old age. Peattie 1936:facing 310. 43. 1.(a) de Saussure. Locy 1925:405. (b) Humphry Davy (c) Boussaingault. Carles 1954:154. 43.2. (a) Justus von Liebig. Moulton 1942:frontispiece. (b) von Sachs. Locy 1925:408. 44.1. (a) Persoon. Schmid 1933. (b) Miles Joseph Berkeley. Ainsworth 1976:155. (c) de Bary. Jost 1930:facomg 1. (d) Julius Kuehn. Wohltmann & Holderfleiss 1905. 44.2.(a) Harry Marshall Ward. (b) Mikhail Stepanovich Voronin. Voronin 1934:frontispiece (c) Adolf Mayer. Johnson 1942:facing 9. (d) Martinus Willem Beijerinck. 44.3. (a) Bessey. Campbell, Peterson & Griffith 1999 (b) Burrill. Ainsworth 1981:65. 45.1. (a) William Kirby. Neave 1933:facing 125. (b) John Curtis. Howard 1930:plt. 17. (c) Ratzeburg. Smith, Mittler & Smith 1973: (d) Fabre. Peattie 1936: (e) Lubbock. Desmond & Moore 1991:no.86. 45.2. (a) Harris. Howard 1930:plt. 1. (b) Walsh. Mills 1958:90. (c) Riley. Mills 1958:95. (d) Packard. Howard 1930:plt. (e) Fitch. Mallis 1971:38. (f) Comstock. Howard 1930:plt. 4. 46.1. (a) Rudolphi. Foster 1965:plt. 5. (b) Steenstrup. Foster 1965: (c) Dujardin. (d) Leidy. H.F. Osborn 1924:facing 131. 46.2. (a) Virchow. Reinhard 1958: (b) Leuckart. Reinhard 1957:226. (c) Louis Pasteur. Osborn 1924:facing 117. (d) Koch. De Kruif 1926:facing 140. 46.3. (a) Manson. (b) Ross. (c) Bruce. Foster 1965:plts. 15, 14. 47.1. Haeckel & Nikolai Miklucho-Maklai. Courtesy, Ernst Haeckel Haus, University of Jena.
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